Showing posts with label Refineries. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Refineries. Show all posts
Why You Smell Rotten Eggs Near Refineries
Why You Smell Rotten Eggs Near a Refinery
If you live near an oil refinery in Los Angeles, El Segundo, Torrance, or Carson, you may occasionally catch a sharp “rotten egg” or sulfur-like smell in the air. On some days, the odor is faint and fleeting. On others, it’s so strong you can’t open your windows. These smells aren’t just unpleasant—they’re signs of sulfur-based gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) that can escape during oil refining and drift into surrounding neighborhoods.
What makes the problem worse is that the smell’s strength often depends on wind direction and weather conditions. When seasonal winds shift—particularly during Santa Ana wind events—air that usually flows inland can reverse course, blowing refinery emissions toward the coast and directly into residential areas.
What Causes the Rotten Egg Smell
Refineries process crude oil that often contains sulfur. To create cleaner fuels like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, they use a process called hydrodesulfurization, which removes sulfur from crude oil. The byproduct is hydrogen sulfide gas—a compound with an unmistakable rotten egg odor.
Under normal conditions, refineries capture and convert these gases into safer materials, such as elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. But during flaring, maintenance work, power outages, or equipment malfunctions, some of the sulfur gases can escape into the air.
The three main culprits are:
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Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S): A colorless gas that smells like rotten eggs. It’s detectable at extremely low concentrations—less than one part per billion.
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Sulfur dioxide (SO₂): A pungent, burnt-match odor that results when sulfur gases are burned off in refinery flares.
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Mercaptans: Skunky or garlic-like compounds that are added to natural gas for leak detection and sometimes released during refining.
Even small releases can carry for miles, especially when wind conditions push them into populated neighborhoods.
How Wind Direction and Santa Ana Conditions Make It Worse
Southern California’s air quality depends heavily on which way the wind blows. On typical days, onshore winds from the Pacific Ocean move inland, helping to disperse refinery emissions away from the coast.
But several times a year—most often in the fall and winter months—this pattern flips. High pressure builds over the Great Basin and pushes air westward toward the ocean. These are the famous Santa Ana winds: hot, dry gusts that sweep through mountain passes and descend toward Los Angeles and the coast.
When Santa Ana winds blow, refineries that usually sit downwind of inland communities suddenly become upwind sources for coastal cities. Instead of clean ocean air moving inland, refinery emissions drift from inland toward El Segundo, Manhattan Beach, Hermosa Beach, Redondo Beach, and even Long Beach.
The smell can appear overnight or early in the morning when temperature inversions trap the gases close to the ground. Residents might wake up to a strong rotten egg odor that lingers until the wind shifts again.
When and Where the Smell Is Worst
The sulfur smell tends to intensify:
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During Santa Ana events: Offshore winds carry refinery emissions toward the coast.
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At night or early morning: Temperature inversions keep pollutants close to the surface.
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After refinery flaring or maintenance: Gas buildup released into the air can travel miles.
Communities most affected during these conditions include:
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El Segundo & Manhattan Beach: Downwind of the Chevron El Segundo Refinery.
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Torrance & Redondo Beach: Impacted by emissions from the Torrance Refinery.
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Carson, Wilmington, & San Pedro: Surrounded by multiple large refineries; odors can vary by the hour.
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Long Beach: Occasionally affected when offshore winds push emissions from inland complexes.
Health Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide
Both hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are considered hazardous air pollutants by the EPA. Short-term exposure can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, while longer-term exposure may lead to more persistent symptoms.
Short-term effects:
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Burning eyes and throat irritation
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Coughing, nausea, or dizziness
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Headaches or difficulty concentrating
Chronic exposure:
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Fatigue and recurring headaches
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Aggravated asthma or breathing issues
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Reduced sense of smell (especially from hydrogen sulfide)
It’s important to note that hydrogen sulfide can numb your sense of smell after initial exposure. That means you might stop noticing the odor even while breathing potentially harmful air.
How to Tell if the Smell Is Coming from a Refinery
If you smell rotten eggs near your home and live within a few miles of a refinery, there are a few ways to confirm the source:
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Check wind direction. Use a weather app like Windy or Ventusky. If the wind is blowing from the refinery toward your area, the smell is likely industrial.
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Monitor air quality. Visit AirNow.gov or your local air district’s site for hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide readings.
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Look for flaring. Bright orange flames or smoke plumes from refinery stacks often coincide with odor complaints.
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Eliminate household causes. Check drains for dry P-traps or natural gas leaks before assuming it’s from a refinery.
If the odor persists outdoors and varies with wind direction, refinery emissions are the probable source.
What to Do If You Smell Rotten Eggs Near Your Home
If the odor is strong or frequent, take these practical steps:
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Report it immediately. Contact your regional air quality agency. In Los Angeles County, use the South Coast AQMD’s online complaint form or hotline (1-800-CUT-SMOG).
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Keep a log. Note the date, time, duration, wind direction, and any symptoms you or neighbors experience.
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Seal your home. Close windows and doors during odor events, especially at night.
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Use an activated carbon filter. These filters are effective at trapping sulfur compounds and improving indoor air quality.
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Stay informed. Follow your local air district on social media for alerts during refinery upsets or flaring events.
Consistent community reporting can pressure regulators to increase monitoring and encourage refineries to take corrective action.
How Refineries Are Supposed to Control Sulfur Emissions
Refineries are required to capture and treat sulfur gases through Sulfur Recovery Units (SRUs) and Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS). These systems convert hydrogen sulfide into reusable products, reducing what escapes into the air.
However, when equipment fails, or a facility experiences a power outage, these systems can’t function properly. Refineries then release gases through emergency flares—visible as tall flames burning at night—to prevent explosions. These events, called “upsets”, must be reported to the EPA and state air boards, but even brief emissions can cause noticeable odor episodes for miles around.
How Santa Ana Winds Turn Industrial Emissions Into a Coastal Problem
During Santa Ana conditions, air flows from the desert toward the sea, compressing and warming as it descends. The resulting air mass is extremely dry, stable, and prone to trapping pollutants near the surface.
When refinery emissions mix with this stable air, the pollutants don’t disperse upward. Instead, they drift westward and linger near ground level—sometimes over coastal neighborhoods that rarely experience such odors.
This combination of wind reversal + atmospheric trapping explains why some residents smell sulfur only a few times per year, usually between October and March.
Community Action and Mapping
At RefineryMaps.com, we track refineries across the United States and visualize their proximity to homes, schools, and parks. Residents can also report odor sightings, flares, or visible emissions through our interactive map. These crowdsourced reports help identify when and where sulfur odors occur most often—and how weather plays a role.
Communities near El Segundo, Torrance, and Wilmington have successfully used similar data to demand increased fence-line monitoring and public reporting of hydrogen sulfide levels.
Key Takeaways
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The “rotten egg” smell near refineries is caused by sulfur gases like hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide.
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Santa Ana winds can reverse typical airflow, carrying refinery emissions from inland toward the coast.
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Odors are strongest at night, during temperature inversions, and after flaring events.
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Short-term exposure can irritate your eyes and lungs; long-term exposure can aggravate respiratory issues.
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Always report sulfur odors to your air quality agency and log the time, weather, and direction of the wind.
Conclusion: Awareness Is Your Best Protection
When you smell rotten eggs near your home, it’s not just an annoyance—it’s a message from the air. Seasonal wind shifts and refinery activity can combine to deliver sulfur gases directly into residential areas. Understanding how these conditions work helps residents protect themselves, document the problem, and advocate for cleaner air.
By staying alert during Santa Ana winds, checking air quality data, and reporting odor events, you help create a record that leads to greater transparency and accountability from nearby refineries—and, ultimately, a healthier community.
Which U.S. Neighborhoods Are Most at Risk from Nearby Refineries?
Refineries play a critical role in supplying fuels and chemicals, but they also release pollutants that pose serious health risks for nearby residents. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), over 6 million Americans live within 3 miles of a refinery. Studies show that these communities experience significantly higher rates of respiratory diseases, cancer, and premature deaths compared to national averages.
This article identifies 10 U.S. neighborhoods most at risk from refinery pollution, examines the health impacts, and discusses environmental justice implications backed by the latest data and maps.
How Refineries Impact Nearby Residents
Massive Refinery Explosion in Italy: Causes, Impact & Lessons
Residents in the Italian town of Sannazzaro de’ Burgondi, near Pavia, were ordered to stay indoors following a massive explosion at a major oil refinery. On September 17, 2019, a section of the Eni refinery—one of Italy’s largest—was rocked by a blast in a gasification unit. Although the explosion captured international attention years later, its significance remains a sobering reminder of how vulnerable industrial energy infrastructure is to catastrophic failure. In what follows, we examine what is known about the incident, the immediate and longer-term consequences, underlying causes, regulatory lessons, and broader implications for refinery safety around the world.
The Explosion: What Happened and Immediate Response
The explosion occurred in a portion of the refinery’s gasification line—an area where hydrocarbons or by-product gases are processed under heat and pressure. The blast was powerful enough to be seen and heard across the town and prompted local authorities to issue indoor shelter orders as a precaution against airborne hazards. Emergency response included firefighting crews, hazard containment teams, and environmental monitoring units. The Eni company launched an internal investigation into the event, while local officials scrambled to ascertain damage, risks to public health, and whether releases of toxic substances had occurred.
While detailed public reporting of injuries or fatalities remains limited, the scene raised alarms about possible releases of volatile organic compounds, particulates, and other hazardous pollutants. Evacuation or shelter-in-place orders were intended to minimize exposure to combustible gases, smoke, or potentially lethal airborne chemicals. The blast reminded many that even in highly regulated industrial settings, secondary systems—like gasification units—can become critical failure points under stress.
Understanding Gasification Units & Why They Fail
Gasification units within a refinery are designed to convert heavy hydrocarbons or byproducts like residual oils into syngas (a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other gases) under controlled high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. They play a role in energy recovery, refining complex crudes, and integrating with downstream units. But they operate at extreme conditions, making them especially sensitive to mechanical weaknesses, equipment degradation, control system errors, or operator missteps.
Possible causes for an explosion in a gasification line include overpressure events (if relief valves fail), equipment corrosion or fatigue leading to rupture, ignition of gas pockets, poor maintenance or inspection of welds and piping, improper control of temperature or gas flow, or failure of safety instrumentation. Because gasification is often connected with other high-heat and high-pressure systems within a refinery, a breach in one section can cascade into adjacent units, triggering secondary explosions or fires.
The Broader Context of Refinery Safety in Italy
The Eni refinery in Sannazzaro is one of several industrial complexes in Italy that operate at high scale and complexity. Italy’s regulatory framework includes environmental monitoring, safety inspections, and post-incident investigations, but like many countries, it struggles with enforcing consistent safety culture across all facilities. Refining operations in historically industrial regions also contend with aging infrastructure, capital constraints, and pressures to maintain throughput.
This explosion underscores that even advanced operators can face catastrophic risks if oversight, maintenance, or safety systems are insufficient. In continental Europe, where population density near refineries is often high, the stakes are elevated: a single event can affect tens of thousands of residents, disrupt local economies, and erode public trust.
Environmental & Public Health Impacts
A refinery explosion can release a wide range of hazardous materials into air, water, and soil. In this case, possible emissions include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particulates, and even heavy metals depending on feedstock and catalysts used. Smoke plumes can travel substantial distances, depositing pollutants on residential areas, agricultural lands, or water bodies. Inhalation of such pollutants can exacerbate respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular conditions, and other health issues.
Beyond airborne releases, firefighting water runoff may carry dissolved or suspended hydrocarbons into drainage systems, rivers, or groundwater. Soil contamination beneath and around the refinery becomes a long-term concern, sometimes requiring costly remediation. Ecosystems near the facility—plants, animals, aquatic life—are also vulnerable to sudden chemical stress. For nearby communities, the explosion raises questions about exposure, ongoing monitoring, and compensation for damages.
Social & Economic Consequences
Besides health risks, refinery explosions can cause significant economic damage to the operator, surrounding businesses, and local economies. The refinery may suffer extensive property destruction, lost production, and costly repairs. The community faces disruption—evacuations, road closures, loss of local services, and shaken confidence in industrial neighbors. Insurance claims and legal liability often follow, pressuring companies to allocate substantial resources to investigations, remediation, and legal defense.
In towns like Sannazzaro de’ Burgondi, residents may demand accountability, transparency, and safeguards against future incidents. Local authorities may revisit land use policies, emergency response plans, and buffer zones between industrial zones and residential areas. Public pressure often intensifies regulatory scrutiny and can lead to stricter oversight or even temporary shutdowns pending compliance.
Lessons Learned & Best Practices for Refinery Safety
This explosion offers several lessons for refinery operators, regulators, and communities:
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Redundancy and fail-safe design – Critical systems like gasification units must incorporate redundant safety features, relief paths, and instrumentation to prevent overpressure or uncontrolled releases.
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Rigorous inspection and maintenance – Regular non-destructive testing (NDT), corrosion monitoring, welding inspection, and maintenance of control systems are vital. Aging equipment needs more frequent scrutiny.
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Safety culture and training – Operators, engineers, and maintenance staff must adhere to strong safety protocols, engage in continuous training, and have authority to halt operations when anomalies arise.
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Real-time monitoring and alarms – Sensors for pressure, temperature, gas composition, and flow must connect to reliable control systems with alarms and automatic shutdown capability.
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Emergency preparedness and community involvement – Refineries must coordinate with local authorities on evacuation plans, communication strategies, and ongoing monitoring post-incident.
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Transparency and public accountability – Prompt disclosure of incident details, emissions testing, health risk assessments, and remediation plans helps maintain public trust and ensures responsible response.
Global Implications for Refinery Regulation
Refinery explosions like the one in Sannazzaro are not isolated to Italy; they highlight systemic challenges worldwide. High-capacity refineries everywhere handle complex units—hydrogen production, coking, gasification, catalytic cracking—that operate at extreme conditions. The risks are universal: failure in one unit can cascade across the facility. Countries must balance energy demands with safety, invest in modernization, and enforce strong regulatory regimes.
Emerging economies building new refineries or expanding capacity often lack institutional oversight, making them especially vulnerable. The Italian explosion reminds these nations to adopt high standards from the start—rather than retrofitting later under duress.
How Stakeholders Can Respond & Prepare
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Refinery Owners / Operators should conduct hazard and operability studies (HAZOP), perform root cause analyses for past incidents, and invest in safety upgrades in priority areas like high-temperature, high-pressure units.
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Regulators should enforce compliance audits, mandate reporting of near-misses, and require external safety reviews for critical units.
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Communities can advocate for buffer zones, demand public disclosure of safety plans, and request independent air and water monitoring around refinery zones.
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Investors and Insurers are increasingly factoring operational risk into assessments; companies with weaker safety systems may face higher insurance premiums and reputational costs.
FAQ: Refinery Explosions & Safety in Italy
What triggered the Sannazzaro explosion? It was traced to a failure in a gasification line, though final investigative reports likely explored mechanical, operational, or maintenance causes.
Were there casualties? Public reporting is limited; however, local authorities imposed shelter-in-place orders to mitigate risk from airborne hazardous emissions.
How common are refinery explosions globally? While rare relative to daily operations, they do occur periodically—especially in facilities with aging infrastructure, inadequate safety culture, or weak regulatory oversight.
Can such explosions be prevented? Not entirely, but rigorous design, redundant safety systems, rigorous maintenance, and a strong safety culture sharply reduce risks.
What happens after an explosion? Operators conduct damage assessment, remediate contamination, repair infrastructure, coordinate with regulators and communities, and often face legal and financial consequences.
Conclusion
The explosion at the Eni refinery in Sannazzaro de’ Burgondi exposed a stark reality: even mature, well-regulated refineries carry latent risks. Gasification units and other high-stress processing systems can become critical failure points when maintenance, instrumentation, or safety systems fall short. The environmental, health, social, and economic consequences are significant—not just for the company involved, but for entire communities. Italy’s incident is a cautionary tale for refinery operators and regulators around the world: systemic risk must be managed proactively, communities must be protected, and industrial growth must never outpace safety.
How is Gasoline Made? From Oil Extraction to Refinement
Have you ever wondered how gasoline is made? In this comprehensive article, we’ll take you on a fascinating journey from oil extraction to refinement to explain exactly how this essential fuel is produced. We’ll cover the origins of petroleum, how it’s extracted from the ground, and the intricate process of refining crude oil into gasoline. Additionally, we’ll delve into the different types of gasoline and their properties, as well as the challenges of transporting and storing this volatile substance. Whether you're a student, a curious adult, or simply interested in the science behind gasoline production, this article is for you. So sit back, relax, and learn all about how gasoline is made, step by step!
How Many Refineries In US & World?
There are approximately 135 operating petroleum refineries in the United States. However, it's worth noting that this number may change over time due to various factors such as refinery closures, mergers, and new construction. The exact number throughout the World can vary depending on the definition of a refinery and the inclusion of smaller, regional facilities. However, it is estimated that there are around 700 to 800 large-scale oil refineries globally.
Ukrainian Drones Target Rosneft Refinery in Russia
In a significant escalation of the Ukraine-Russia conflict, Ukrainian drones reportedly targeted a major refinery owned by Rosneft, one of Russia's leading oil companies. The attack, which took place near the city of Samara in southwestern Russia, underscores the ongoing tensions and the evolving tactics employed in this conflict.
Oil Train Derailment in El Segundo: Time, Cause, and Safety Lessons
Heavy rain likely caused the tracks to widen at a railroad curve, causing the 4 tanker cars to derail. No oil spill was reported.
This train derailed near the Chevron Refinery in El Segundo. Oil Train Derailed near businesses, retail, restaurants, and stores.
On the afternoon of January 12, 2017, at approximately 2:30 p.m., a train hauling liquefied petroleum products derailed in El Segundo, California, only blocks from the Chevron refinery. At least four tanker cars left the tracks at a sharp curve near Douglas Street and Chapman Way, their undercarriages ripped apart and scattered along the ballast. The derailment prompted swift evacuations, a large emergency response, and immediate questions about the integrity of rail infrastructure in one of Southern California’s most industrialized communities. Fortunately, no oil spill or injuries were reported, but the event serves as a sobering reminder of the risks inherent in transporting hazardous fuels by rail.
The Derailment on January 12, 2017
The derailment happened during a heavy winter rainstorm that had drenched Los Angeles County for several days. The train had just departed the Chevron refinery with multiple tank cars filled with liquefied petroleum gas. As it navigated the curve near Douglas Street, several cars slipped off the track, toppling slightly and damaging their wheels and frames. Fire Captain Evan Siefke of the El Segundo Fire Department confirmed that four cars derailed, but none were punctured. Police quickly blocked surrounding streets and ordered precautionary evacuations of businesses and homes within several hundred feet. Hazmat crews inspected the cars for leaks, while firefighters kept hoses ready in case of ignition.
The time of day mattered. The derailment occurred during mid-afternoon, when schools, offices, and nearby shops were still open, increasing the potential risk of public exposure had a leak occurred. Because the train was carrying highly flammable gases, responders feared vapor release or ignition. The order for residents to remain indoors, combined with street closures, helped minimize risk while assessments were made.
Cause: Heavy Rain and Track Instability
Investigators determined that the derailment was most likely caused by track widening due to rain-soaked ballast and subgrade instability. Several days of rainfall had saturated the soil beneath the railbed, weakening the support structure. On a curve, lateral forces from the heavy tanker cars pressed outward, forcing the rails apart. This deformation likely created enough space for wheels to slip off the tracks, dragging cars sideways and damaging their undercarriages.
Railroad officials noted that no major structural defects were initially found in the tanker cars themselves, pointing instead to weather-induced railbed failure as the primary cause. Floodwater accumulation along the tracks at the time of the derailment corroborated this conclusion. The combination of wet conditions, track curvature, and the sheer weight of fully loaded tank cars proved too much for the compromised rail alignment.
Historical Context: Oil by Rail in Southern California
Transporting petroleum by rail is not new to Southern California, but its risks have long been debated. The Los Angeles Basin is both an oil hub and a densely urbanized region. Rail lines snake through refineries, ports, and neighborhoods, carrying crude oil, gasoline, propane, and liquefied natural gas. The El Segundo derailment highlighted this juxtaposition, showing how a single infrastructure failure could put both industry and residents at risk.
Historically, oil trains have been involved in catastrophic incidents, including derailments that caused fires, explosions, and widespread evacuations. The 2013 Lac-Mégantic disaster in Quebec, Canada, in which 47 people were killed after a crude oil train exploded downtown, remains the most infamous example. Although the El Segundo event ended without fire, the potential consequences mirrored global fears of oil-by-rail accidents.
What Went Right in El Segundo
Despite the drama, several factors prevented the January 12 derailment from escalating into disaster. First, the tanker cars remained intact, avoiding leaks. Second, first responders were on site within minutes, evacuating nearby businesses and monitoring for hazardous vapors. Third, weather conditions, while causing the derailment, may also have helped prevent fire by lowering ambient ignition risk. Finally, strong coordination between the refinery, railroad, and emergency services ensured a rapid, organized response.
What Could Have Gone Wrong
The potential dangers were significant. A ruptured tank could have released a vapor cloud of liquefied petroleum gas, which, if ignited, might have caused a catastrophic fire or explosion. Such an event could have threatened not only the immediate area but also the adjacent Chevron refinery, magnifying the hazard. Contamination of stormwater systems was another concern, as residual oil products from damaged cars might have mixed with floodwaters. The lack of casualties or pollution in this case was considered a fortunate outcome.
Infrastructure Challenges Exposed
The El Segundo derailment highlighted vulnerabilities in rail infrastructure exposed to extreme weather. Curved track segments are already stress points, and saturated soil or inadequate drainage increases the risk of rail spreading. In Southern California, aging tracks and high traffic volumes add further strain. Regulators face the challenge of ensuring frequent inspections, particularly during rainy seasons, and compelling operators to strengthen railbeds against flooding.
Tank cars themselves have been another focal point of debate. Many older models lack sufficient protection against puncture in derailments. Though regulations now require upgrades with thicker shells, improved valves, and thermal protection, implementation is ongoing. Had older, weaker tankers been in use, the outcome in El Segundo could have been worse.
Lessons Learned
From this derailment, several lessons emerged. Infrastructure must be designed for resilience against extreme weather. Track drainage and ballast maintenance need reinforcement in flood-prone areas. Tank cars must be upgraded to withstand derailments without puncture. Emergency responders must maintain tight coordination with rail operators and refineries, conducting drills for worst-case scenarios. Finally, communities near refinery corridors must remain informed about the risks of oil-by-rail and know how to respond in emergencies.
Community Concerns and Environmental Justice
For El Segundo residents, the derailment was more than a freak accident—it was a reminder of the risks of living near refineries and transport corridors. The city, already known for heavy industrial activity, sits within a region where schools, businesses, and homes coexist with oil infrastructure. Community advocates point to the disproportionate burden placed on such neighborhoods, arguing that environmental justice demands stricter oversight and safer practices. Transparency, real-time communication during emergencies, and long-term infrastructure investment are among the key demands from residents.
FAQ: Oil Train Derailments
When did the El Segundo derailment occur? On January 12, 2017, at around 2:30 p.m. during heavy rainfall.
What caused the derailment? Investigators cited track widening and subgrade instability due to several days of rain as the most likely cause.
Was there a spill or fire? No, the tanker cars remained intact, preventing leaks and explosions.
What cargo was on board? The train carried liquefied petroleum gas products from the Chevron refinery.
What lessons were learned? Stronger infrastructure, upgraded tank cars, better drainage, and closer emergency planning are all necessary to reduce risk.
Conclusion
The January 12, 2017, derailment of an oil train near the Chevron refinery in El Segundo stands as both a narrow escape and a warning. While no oil spilled and no one was injured, the event underscored the vulnerability of rail systems under stress from weather and the inherent dangers of transporting hazardous cargo through populated and industrial areas. The cause—rain-weakened tracks on a curve—illustrates how even natural conditions can interact with heavy industry to create emergencies. For regulators, rail operators, and communities, the message is clear: infrastructure investment, preventive inspection, and robust safety planning are not optional. The El Segundo derailment may not have ended in tragedy, but it shows how close Southern California came to a far worse outcome, and why lessons from this event must shape future policies to protect both people and the environment.
ESFD is onscene of an incident/several derailed train cars in the area of Chapman Way and Douglas Street. No evacs at this time. pic.twitter.com/FZ5ZtEQ9U8
— El Segundo Fire Dept (@dept_el) January 12, 2017
Why Isn't Gas Cheaper Located Near Refineries?
Why Do Both Chevron Gas Stations Next to the Chevron Refinery Have Expensive Gas?
Buying A Home Near An Oil & Gas Refinery
If you are buying a home these days you should probably do your due diligence on oil & gas refineries that are within a few miles of your neighborhood.
What is the Oil Refinery Process?
The oil refining process, also known as petroleum refining, is the process by which crude oil is converted into various useful products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and other petroleum-based products.
The refining process typically involves several steps, including the following 5 things:
Heat Map of Oil and Gas Refineries Around the World.
Heat Map of Oil and Gas Refineries Around the World
Search RefineryMaps.com Database for These Locations